ABSTRACT
The need to fully exploit fishing resources due to increasing production and consequent waste generation requires research to promote the sustainability of the fishing industry. Fish waste from the industry is responsible for relevant environmental contamination. However, these raw materials contain high amounts of collagen and other biomolecules, being attractive due to their industrial and biotechnological applicability. Thus, to reduce the waste from pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) processing, this study aimed to obtain collagen from pirarucu skin tissue. The extraction process used 0.05 M sodium hydroxide, 10% butyl alcohol, and 0.5 M acetic acid, with extraction temperature of 20°C. The obtained yield was 27.8%, and through sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), it was determined that the collagen obtained was type I. This study showed that collagen solubility was highest at pH 3 and the lowest solubility was at concentrations of 3% sodium chloride. The denaturation temperature of collagen was 38.1°C, and its intact molecular structure was observed using the Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry technique with an absorption radius of 1. The results showed that it was possible to obtain collagen from pirarucu skin at 20°C, which has the typical characteristics of commercial type I collagen. In conclusion, the procedures used may be considered to be an interesting alternative for collagen extraction, a new product obtained from the processing of fish waste.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Knowledge of specific enzyme activity, along with animal habits and digestive capacity is essential in formulating an appropriate diet for any species. In this study, we evaluated and characterized the activity of digestive enzymes present in the liver, intestine, and stomach of Paralichthys orbignyanus. The effects of pH and temperature on enzyme activity were also evaluated via the use of specific substrates. The use of specific substrates and inhibitors showed strong evidence of the presence of trypsin (BApNA= 0.51 ± 0.2 mU mg-1), chimotrypsin (SApNA= 2.62 ± 1.8 mU mg-1), and aminopeptidases (Leu-p-Nan =0.9709 ± 0.83 mU mg-1) in the intestine. Optimum pH for the activity of trypsin, chemotrypsin, leucino aminopeptidase, amilase, and pepsin were 9.5, 9.0, 8.0, 7.5, and 3.5, respectively, while optimum temperatures were 50, 50, 50, 40, and 45 °C, respectively. These results provide additional information regarding the biology of Brazilian flounder and can be used as a basis for further studies regarding fish feeding physiology.
Resumo O conhecimento da atividade enzimática é essencial para formular uma correta dieta específica para espécie, além de estarem correlacionadas com o hábito da alimentação e capacidade digestive. Neste estudo determinamos e caracterizamos a atividade enzimática presente no intestino, estômago e fígado do linguado Paralichthys orbignyanus. Os efeitos da temperatura e pH sobre a atividade enzimática também foram avaliados utilizando substratos específicos. O uso de substratos e inibidores específicos mostrou uma forte evidência da presença da tripsina (BApNA = 0,51 ± 0,2 mU mg-1), quimotripsina (SAPNA = 2,62 ± 1,8 mU mg-1), e as aminopeptidases (Leu-p-Nan = 0,97 ± 0,83 mU mg-1) no intestino. O pH ótimo observado para a atividade de tripsina, quimotripsina, leucino aminopeptidase, amilase e pepsina foi 9,5, 9,0, 8,0, 7,5 e 3,5, respectivamente. A temperatura ótima observada foi 50, 50, 50, 40 e 45 °C, respectivamente. Estes resultados fornecem informações adicionais sobre a biologia do linguado brasileiro e pode ser usado como base para novos estudos sobre fisiologia alimentar.
Subject(s)
Animals , Flounder/physiology , Fish Proteins/metabolism , Fish Proteins/chemistry , Gastrointestinal Tract/enzymology , Aminopeptidases/metabolism , Aminopeptidases/chemistry , Temperature , Enzyme Stability , Brazil , Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism , Serine Endopeptidases/chemistry , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Liver/enzymologyABSTRACT
Abstract Knowledge of specific enzyme activity, along with animal habits and digestive capacity is essential in formulating an appropriate diet for any species. In this study, we evaluated and characterized the activity of digestive enzymes present in the liver, intestine, and stomach of Paralichthys orbignyanus. The effects of pH and temperature on enzyme activity were also evaluated via the use of specific substrates. The use of specific substrates and inhibitors showed strong evidence of the presence of trypsin (BApNA= 0.51 ± 0.2 mU mg-1), chimotrypsin (SApNA= 2.62 ± 1.8 mU mg-1), and aminopeptidases (Leu-p-Nan =0.9709 ± 0.83 mU mg-1) in the intestine. Optimum pH for the activity of trypsin, chemotrypsin, leucino aminopeptidase, amilase, and pepsin were 9.5, 9.0, 8.0, 7.5, and 3.5, respectively, while optimum temperatures were 50, 50, 50, 40, and 45 °C, respectively. These results provide additional information regarding the biology of Brazilian flounder and can be used as a basis for further studies regarding fish feeding physiology.
Resumo O conhecimento da atividade enzimática é essencial para formular uma correta dieta específica para espécie, além de estarem correlacionadas com o hábito da alimentação e capacidade digestive. Neste estudo determinamos e caracterizamos a atividade enzimática presente no intestino, estômago e fígado do linguado Paralichthys orbignyanus. Os efeitos da temperatura e pH sobre a atividade enzimática também foram avaliados utilizando substratos específicos. O uso de substratos e inibidores específicos mostrou uma forte evidência da presença da tripsina (BApNA = 0,51 ± 0,2 mU mg-1), quimotripsina (SAPNA = 2,62 ± 1,8 mU mg-1), e as aminopeptidases (Leu-p-Nan = 0,97 ± 0,83 mU mg-1) no intestino. O pH ótimo observado para a atividade de tripsina, quimotripsina, leucino aminopeptidase, amilase e pepsina foi 9,5, 9,0, 8,0, 7,5 e 3,5, respectivamente. A temperatura ótima observada foi 50, 50, 50, 40 e 45 °C, respectivamente. Estes resultados fornecem informações adicionais sobre a biologia do linguado brasileiro e pode ser usado como base para novos estudos sobre fisiologia alimentar.
ABSTRACT
La hipertermia hídrica se ha utilizado para tratamientos de diversas formas de cáncer, en hueso aún no se ha determinado cuál es su efecto; se realizó este estudio prospectivo para demostrar los cambios estructurales y metabólicos y los efectos en la consolidación de hueso expuesto a hipertermia hídrica. Se utilizaron 30 conejos de raza New-Zealand. Con peso entre 2.8 y 3.2 kg divididos en 9 grupos y 3 subgrupos, se realizó osteotomía en el tercio medio del fémur derecho; este segmento fue expuesto a hipertermia a 15, 20 y 25 grados centígrados, durante 50, 60 y 70 minutos, gammagrafía ósea cada cuatro semanas y radiográficos cada semana hasta la semana 13. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba de post-hoc y test de Tukey, encontrando diferencias en las concentraciones de elementos químicos a temperaturas superiores a 60 grados durante 20 minutos con significancia estadística, retardo en la consolidación y evidencia de actividad metabólica. Se concluye que con la exposición a temperaturas de 60 grados durante 20 minutos se presentaron alteraciones morfológicas en potasio, magnesio, azufre y fósforo y retardo en la consolidación ósea. Estos resultados son usados como parámetros para el tratamiento con hipertermia hídrica controlada en tumores óseos.
Fluid hyperthermia has been used to treat various types of cancers, but its effects on bone have not been determined. The purpose of this prospective study was to show the structural and metabolic changes of bone exposed to fluid hyperthermia and the effects of the latter on bone healing. Thirty New Zealand rabbits were used, weighting 2.8-3.2 kg; they were divided into 9 groups and 3 subgroups. An osteotomy was performed in the mid third of the right femur and this segment was exposed to hyperthermia at 15, 20 and 25 degrees centigrade for 50, 60 and 70 minutes. A bone scan was performed every 4 weeks and X-rays were taken every week up to week 13. The post-hoc Tukey test was used for the statistical analysis. Differences were found in the concentration of chemicals at temperatures above 60 degrees for 20 minutes with statistical significance; bone healing was delayed and there was evidence of metabolic activity. We conclude that exposure to temperatures above 60 degrees for 20 minutes resulted in morphologic alterations in potassium, magnesium, sulfur and phosphorus, and delayed bone healing. These results are used as parameters for the treatment of bone tumors with fluid hyperthermia.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rabbits , Bone and Bones/metabolism , Hyperthermia, Induced/methods , Bone and Bones/chemistryABSTRACT
Se presenta la investigacion efectuada en una comunidad abierta supuestamente expuesta durante varios anos a un ambiente fuertemente contaminado con sales de cromo, como resultado del defectuoso funcionamiento de una fabrica de cromatos en su proximidad. Se hizo un estudio medico-epidemiologico amplio de la poblacion. Ademas del examen medico en busca de lesiones que pudieran deberse a cromismo, se determino el cromo en la orina y el cabello. Tambien se incluyo la revision de la mortalidad por causa que pudiese estar relacionada con la intoxicacion por cromo en los cinco anos previos a la instalacion de la fabrica y en los 19 de su funcionamiento, tanto en la localidad problema como en una localidad testigo. Asimismo, se realizaron estudios del ambiente. Todo indico la ausencia de cromismo en la comunidad. Los autores concluyeron que la poblacion nunca habia estado expuesta a un ambiente contaminado con cromo. En esta ocasion se dio a la epidemiologia un uso nuevo o por lo menos poco usual. Generalmente se buscan danos en la poblacion. En la investigacion que se publica se empleo la epidemiologia para demostrar que era falso que la comunidad tuviese problemas de cromismo